疯马查看源代码讨论查看历史
疯马,(拉科塔语:Tȟašúŋke Witkó;英语:Crazy Horse);约1845年-1877年9月5日,是北美洲原住民印第安人民族苏族的酋长和军事家[1] [2] [3]。
简介
‘疯马’是拉科塔语,这名字并不表示他的马疯了,黑麋鹿解释道:“而是他的马在梦中以古怪的方式跳舞”。
疯马,原名Tashunca-Uitco(苏语:Tȟašúŋke Witkó),后改称Crazy Horse,是北美洲原住民民族苏族奥格拉拉部落首领,军事家,北美印第安战争的灵魂人物之一。
他在美国西部地区抵抗白人的入侵,以作战勇敢著称。最有名的战役是在蒙大拿州小巨角河战役,他的印第安人军队歼灭了美国白人卡斯特的军队并杀死卡斯特。后来又率领印第安人打了几次战役,他在1877年被美国士兵暗杀。
苏族
苏族根据方言划分为达科塔、纳科塔、拉科塔三个主要种群,但其下还有很多分支。苏族人的骑术非常高超,因能够一边骑著马快速宾士,一边准确地射箭和开枪而著名。苏族人没有马镫,但丝毫不影响他们超的骑术和精准的骑射,加之又得到了一部分火器(包括当时非常先进的连发步枪),被认为是世界上最优秀的骑兵——但也是最后一个马背上的民族。
生平
疯马曾与奥格拉拉族头目“红云”、萨满巫师“坐牛”一同在美西地区抵抗白人的入侵。其参与过最有名的战役是为了保护圣地而战的小大角战役。
他们率领数千名印第安人,以优势兵力,在黑山山谷中歼灭了知名的美国第1骑兵师第7骑兵团(美国第7骑兵团)两百馀骑兵,击杀了该骑兵团指挥官卡士达,并伐取了其首级。
美国政府得知消息,停止向苏族提供食物,同时赶走草原上的野牛,使他们无法猎食。
为了保全部落,在1877年的五月初,疯马等酋长在罗宾逊军区投降,在1877年因为被指有越狱嫌疑,遭美军处决。
延伸阅读
- Ambrose, Stephen E. Crazy Horse and Custer: The epic clash of two great warriors at the Little Bighorn. 1975.
- Bray, Kingsley M. Crazy Horse: A Lakota Life. 2006. ISBN 0-8061-3785-1
- Clark, Robert. The Killing of Chief Crazy Horse: Three Eyewitness Views by the Indian, Chief He Dog the Indian White, William Garnett the White Doctor, Valentine McGillycuddy. 1988. ISBN 0-8032-6330-9
- Marshall, Joseph M. III. The Journey of Crazy Horse: A Lakota History. 2004.
- Guttmacher, Peter and David W. Baird. Ed. Crazy Horse: Sioux War Chief. New York Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 1994. 0–120. ISBN 0-7910-1712-5
- McMurtry, Larry . Crazy Horse (Penguin Lives). Puffin Books. 1999. ISBN 0-670-88234-8
- Pinn, Lionel Kitpu'se. Greengrass Pipe Dancers. 2000. ISBN 0-87961-250-9
- Powers, Thomas . The Killing of Crazy Horse. Random House, Inc. 2010. ISBN 978-0-375-41446-6.
- Sandoz, Mari . Crazy Horse, the Strange Man of the Oglalas, a biography. 1942. ISBN 0-8032-9211-2
- "Debating Crazy Horse: Is this the Famous Oglala". Whispering Wind magazine, Vol 34 #3, 2004. A discussion on the improbability of the Garryowen photo being that of Crazy Horse (the same photo shown here). The clothing, the studio setting all date the photo 1890–1910.
- The Authorized Biography of Crazy Horse and His Family Part One: Creation, Spirituality, and the Family Tree. DVD. William Matson and Mark Frethem, producers. Documentary based on over 100 hours of footage shot of family oral history detailed interviews and all Crazy Horse sites. Family had final approval on end product. Reelcontact.com, 2006.
- The Authorized Biography of Crazy Horse and His Family Part Two: Defending the Homeland Prior to the 1868 Treaty'. DVD William Matson and Mark Frethem, Producers. Reel Contact Productions, 2007.
- Russell Freedman, The Life and Death of Crazy Horse. Holiday House. 1996. ISBN 978-0-8234-1219-8
外部链接
- Final Days and Death of Crazy Horse
- PBS Biography of Crazy Horse
- Newly Discovered Alleged Photo of Crazy Horse
- A timeline of Crazy Horse's life
- Trimble: What did Crazy Horse look like?, Indian Country Today
- William Bordeaux's Crazy Horse sketch at Yale University's Beinecke Rare Books and Manuscript Library
- Complete Crazy Horse Surrender Ledger