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爱德华·蒙克(Edvard Munch,1863年12月12日-1944年1月23日),挪威表现主义画家、版画复制匠,现代表现主义绘画的先驱。

爱德华·蒙克绘画带有强烈的主观性和悲伤压抑的情调。他对心理苦闷的强烈的,呼唤式的处理手法对20世纪初德国表现主义的成长起了主要的影响,其主要作品有《呐喊》,《生命之舞》。

爱德华·蒙克(著名画家)
出生 1863年12月12日
雷登
国籍 挪威
别名 Edvard Munch
职业 画家、版画复制匠
知名于

对20世纪初德国表现主义的成长起了主要的影响,现代表现主义绘画的先驱。

《女人三阶段》
知名作品呐喊
生命之舞
《卡尔约翰街的夜晚》
圣母
《女人三阶段》

目录

1人物生平

2人物生活

3人物影响

4主要作品

5风格特点

6人物评价

人物生平

早年经历

1863年12月12日,爱德华·蒙克出生于挪威雷登在奥斯陆长大。爱德华·蒙克的父亲患有精神病,他向他的孩子们灌输了对地狱的根深蒂固的恐惧,他一再告诉他们, 如果他们在任何情况下、以任何方式犯有罪孽,他们就会注定被投入地狱,没有任何宽恕的机会。

1879年 ,爱德华·蒙克为成为一名工程师而进工学院念书受印象主义画风的影响,然而,频繁的患病中断了他的学业。

1880年,爱德华·蒙克成为一名画家而离开工学院。

1881年,爱德华·蒙克考进了奥斯陆皇家艺术和设计学院,他的老师是雕刻家朱利厄斯·米德尔顿自然主义画家克里斯蒂安·克罗格

1885年,爱德华·蒙克前往巴黎。他的作品开始显示出法国画家的影响;一开始是印象派,接着是后期印象派,然后是新艺术造型。爱德华·蒙克的绘画尽管风格上是后期印象派的,但在主题上却是象征派的,爱德华·蒙克的绘画内容在于刻画内心世界而不是外在现实。

中年经历

原图链接 图来自《病中的孩子》

1889年改用传统的画法创作《病孩》变体画《春》,从而获得奖学金去法国留学,从师L.博纳。在法国,他在研究印象主义画法的基础上,转而对后印象主义和纳比派发生兴趣。他发现线条和色彩有强烈的表现力,试图用它们画出活生生的人们,他们的呼吸、感觉、受苦受难并彼此的相爱。

1892年 爱德华·蒙克应邀参加柏林艺术家联盟在11月份举行的画展。爱德华·蒙克的绘画成了苦涩的争论对象,画展在一星期后结束。在柏林,爱德华·蒙克成了一个国际圈子里的一员,里面有作家、艺术家和评论家,包括挪威剧作家亨利·易卜生瑞典戏剧家奥古斯特·史特林堡。爱德华·蒙克为易卜生的几个剧本设计了布景。

1893年1893年12月,爱德华·蒙克在柏林著名的菩提树下大街开画展。和其它作品一起,爱德华·蒙克出展了题为"爱的研究系列",由六幅画所组成。这是他此后命名为"生命的饰带 以 生命、爱情和死亡的诗"组画的起点。它包括深深地沉浸于大气的主题《风暴》、《月光》和《星夜》。其它主题有揭示爱的阴暗面的,比如《玫瑰与阿美莉》和《吸血鬼》。《病室里的死亡》则以死亡为主题,基于爱德华·蒙克对姐姐苏菲之死的回忆。

1894年,"生命的饰带"加进了《焦躁》、《灰烬》、《圣母》和《女人三阶段》作品集。在世纪之交之际,爱德华·蒙克完成了他的"生命的饰带"组画系列。

晚年经历

原图链接 图来自《生命之舞》

1908年秋,他的焦虑变得深刻并在丹尼尔·贾可布逊博士的诊所住院接受治疗。医院里施行的休克疗法改变了他的个性。

1909年爱德华·蒙克回到挪威,更多地表现出对大自然的兴趣,他的作品变得更富于色彩,减少了悲观的成分。在纳粹统治期间,爱德华·蒙克的作品被贴上了"颓废艺术"的标签,从德国的各个美术馆撤了下来。反纳粹主义的爱德华·蒙克来说是很伤心的,因为他把德国看作为他的第二祖国。

1944年1月23日,爱德华·蒙克于奥斯陆附近的艾可利与世长辞。他向奥斯陆捐赠了1000幅油画,15400张版画,4500件素描和水彩画,还有6件雕刻作品。后来为纪念爱德华·蒙克,建造了爱德华·蒙克美术馆[1]

人物生活

爱德华·爱德华·蒙克是画家雅各布·爱德华·蒙克历史学家彼得·安德烈·爱德华·蒙克的亲戚。母亲劳拉在1868年死于肺结核,母亲死后小爱德华·蒙克由父亲克里斯蒂安·爱德华·蒙克单独抚养。父亲是位医生,笃信基督教。幼年丧母,姐姐被肺病夺去生命,妹妹患精神病,童年时代的不幸对其一生的创作有深刻的影响。[2]


人物影响

历史发展

原图链接 图来自《坐在爿木上的的少女》

在当时哲学和美学思潮影响下,他努力发掘人类心灵中的各种状况,表现疾病、死亡、绝望、情爱等主题。因此,他的创作有"心灵的现实主义"的称号。由于受到保守势力的攻击,很快被封闭,但对德国青年画家以很大的刺激,推动了表现主义运动的产生。[3]


思想传播

爱德华·蒙克通过主题来表现他切身经历的对生存和死亡的感受。每一幅画都无与伦比地强烈地传达着画家的感觉和情绪,被描绘的具体对象的细节被简化,而情绪则被夸张,对象本身成为一种所要表现的情绪的载体,虽然它们依然还是具象的。这些画具有永恒的震慑心灵的力量。在这一切的背后,我们还可以看见那个"世纪末"的景象,那种迷途的欲望深渊和无法逃脱的死亡阴影的怪圈,生命的焦躁和无奈交织在一起。爱德华·蒙克作品的惊人表现力量来自于对艺术家内心世界的不加掩饰的忠实表达,爱德华·蒙克的画是用整个心灵来创作的。

主要作品

作品名 年份

Øvre Foss 1880

Small Lake with Boat 1880

Horse and Wagon in front of Farm Buildings 1880

Autumn Work in the Field 1880

Landscape with Woman Walking by a Lake 1880

Landscape with Trees and Water 1880

Autumn in the Forest 1880

Horse and Cart on a Country Road 1880

Still Life with Pipe and Bibles 1880

View from Fossveien 1880-81

View from Fossveien 1881

Winter Landscape with House and Red Sky 1881

Potted Plant on the Window-Sill 1881-82

Potted Plant 1881-82

The Living-Room of the Misses Munch in Pilestredet 61 1881

From Vestre Aker 1881

Hakloa in Maridalen 1881

Maridalsveien in Nydalen 1881

Houses in Maridalen 1881

From Maridalen 1881

Akerselva 1881

Landscape with Woman and Child 1881

Landscape with a Small House and Two People 1881

Landscape with Lake and Forest 1881

From Bunnefjorden 1881

From Sandvika 1881

Man Rowing towards Land 1881

Bay with Boat and House 1881

Man and Woman in Boat 1881

Fisherman by the Water 1881

Christian Munch on the Couch 1881

Christian Munch on the Couch 1881

Study of a Landscape 1881

View of Grüner's Garden 1881

Gamle Aker Church 1881-82

Gamle Aker Church 1881

Gamle Aker Church 1881

Gamle Aker Church 1881

View from Fossveien 7 towards Bergfjerdingen 1881

People on the Road in Wet Snow 1881

Goblin with Christmas Porridge 1881

Still Life with Jar, Apple, Walnut and Coconut 1881

Øvre Foss in Winter 1881-82

Boy in Snow 1881-82

View of the City on a Winter's Day 1882

Self-Portrait 1882

Laura Munch 1882

Laura Munch 1882

Olaf Rye's Square towards South East 1882

View across Olaf Rye's Square 1882

Olaf Rye's Square towards South East 1882

Landscape with Waterfall and House 1882

Evening Atmosphere at Sea 1882

Landscape with a Small Waterfall 1882

Spring Landscape 1882

Stream in Spring 1882

Karen Bjølstad 1882-83

Man's Head with Beard 1882-83

The Errand Boy 1882-84

Garden with Red House 1882


Garden with Red House 1882

By the Garden Table 1882

Akerselva by Slåmotgangen 1882

Inger by the Window 1882

Akerselva by Nedre Foss 1882

Akerselva 1882

Birch Trees with Woman Walking 1882

Birch Trees in the Autumn 1882

From Vestre Aker 1882

Birch Trees and Man Carrying Twigs 1882

Autumn in Vestre Aker 1882

Woman on a Country Lane 1882


Two Boys on a Country Lane 1882

Thorvald Torgersen 1882

Thorvald Torgersen 1882

Head of a Boy 1882

Andreas Reading 1882

Andreas Reading 1882

Andreas Reading 1882

Self-Portrait 1882

Drive at Vaterland 1882

From Saxegårdsgate 1882

Laura Munch 1883

Otto Linthoe 1883


Study of a Man's Head 1883

Study of an Old Man's Head 1883

Head of an Old Man with Beard 1883

Study of an Old Man's Head 1883

Afternoon at Olaf Rye's Square 1883

Street Corner on Karl Johan, Grand Café 1883

Christian Munch on the Couch 1883

Landscape from Asker 1883

Autumn in Asker 1883

Andreas by the Window 1883

Andreas Reading 1883

The Dome of Trinity Church 1883

Study of a Head 1883

Early in the Morning 1883

Andreas Singdahlsen 1883

Hjalmar Borgstrøm 1883

Portrait of a Woman 1883

Karen Bjølstad in the Rocking Chair 1883

Around the Paraffin Lamp 1883

At the Coffee Table 1883


At Supper 1883

The Infirmary at Helgelandsmoen 1884

Fence in the Forest 1884

Two People on the Way to the Forest 1884

Morning 1884

Christian Munch 1884

Portrait Studies 1884

Inger Munch in Black 1884

Street in Winter 1885

Ball 1885

Tête-à-tête 1885

Karl Johan 1885

Girl's Head 1885

Dagny Konow 1885

Study of an Old Man's Head 1885

Fredrik Lidemark 1885

Karl Jensen-Hjell 1885

Klemens Stang 1885

Christian Munch with Pipe 1885

Karen Bjølstad 1885

Jørgen Sørensen 1885

Andreas Munch 1885


Cabaret 1885

The Sickroom 1885

The Sick Child 1885

Red-Haired Girl with White Rat 1886

Girl at the Piano 1886

Self-Portrait 1886

Andreas Munch Studying Anatomy 1886

Afternoon Nap 1886

Boat with Three Boys 1886

Man on the Veranda 1886

From Hisøya near Arendal 1886

Woman and Children in Arendal 1886

Thorvald Torgersen 1886

Puberty 1886

The Day After 1886

Seated Young Girl 1887

Betzy Nilsen 1887

Halvard Stub Holmboe 1887

Jacob Torkildsen 1887

Forest Landscape with Small Lake 1887

Veierland near Tønsberg 1887

Two Men by the Window 1887

Law 1887

Kristiania Bohemians 1887

Self-Portrait 1888

Marius Selmer 1888

Bendix Lange 1888

Beach 1888

The Tønsberg Fjord 1888

On the Pier 1888

Man Binding Fishnet 1888

Karen Bjølstad 1888

Evening 1888

Summer Day on the Pier 1888

Laura and Inger in the Summer Sun 1888

Evening 1888

Inger in Sunshine 1888

At the General Store in Vrengen 1888

Andreas Bjølstad 1888

Aasta Carlsen 1888

Man Standing in the Doorway 1889

Karl Dørnberger 1889

Charlotte Dørnberger 1889

Georg Stang 1889

John Hazeland on his Deathbed 1889

Spring 1889

Hans Jæger 1889

From Karl Johan 1889

Music on Karl Johan 1889

Beach Landscape fromÅsgårdstrand 1889

Beach 1889

From Åsgårdstrand 1889

Beach Landscape 1889

Shore 1889

Summer Night. Inger on the Beach 1889

Summer Evening 1889

Summer 1889

Summer in Åsgårdstrand 1889

Morten Damme's House near Åsgardstrand 1889

Standing Female Nude 1889

A French Tavern (Two Men and a Woman) 1890

The Canal near Paris (with a Small Streamboat) 1890

A Woman (in Half-figure) with Landscape (Returned from Victoria terrasse) 1890

A Small Beach Study 1890

Night in Saint-Cloud 1890

The Seine at Saint-Cloud 1890

The Seine at Saint-Cloud 1890

The Seine at Saint-Cloud 1890

The Seine at Saint-Cloud 1890

The Seine at Saint-Cloud 1890

The Seine at Saint-Cloud 1890

The Seine at Saint-Cloud 1890

The Seine at Saint-Cloud 1890

The Seine at Saint-Cloud 1890

At the Wine Merchant's 1890

In the Bar 1890

In the Café 1890

Norwegian Spring Landscape 1890

Landscape 1890

The Streamboat Arrives 1890

Beach 1890

Spring Day on Karl Johan 1890

Sunny Day in Åsgårdstrand 1890

Garden Path 1890

Woman in Evening Landscape 1890 Landscape 1890

View from Hauketo 1890

View from Hauketo 1890

Landscape 1890

The Absinth Drinkers 1890

Two Children 1890

Under the Palm Trees in Nice 1891

Afternoon on the Promenade des Anglais 1891

Morning on the Promenade des Anglais 1891

Sunny Day in Nice 1891

Rooftops in Nice 1891

Night in Nice 1891

Fisherboy from Nice 1891

Boy's Head 1891

Young Woman in Blue 1891

Young Woman in Blue 1891

Model Scratching her Arm 1891

Rue Lafayette 1891

Rue de Rivoli 1891

Sunday in Åsgardstrand 1891

Young Blond Girl 1891

Summer Evening in Åsgardstrand 1891

In Open Air 1891

Summer 1891

Eroticism on a Summer Evening 1891

Karl Johan in the Rain 1891

Evening. Melancholy 1891

Woman in Blue against Blue Water 1891

Old Fisherman 1891

Pine Forest 1891

Summer Day in the Forest 1891

Forest Landscape 1891

Landscape in Moonlight 1891

Woman by the Balustrade 1891

Inger in a White Blouse 1891

no:Jappe Nilssen 1891

Arve Arvesen 1891

Gunnar Heiberg 1891

Helge Rode 1891

Olga Buhre 1891

Alexandra Thaulow 1891

Kiss by the Window 1891

The Day After 1891


Munch Museum, Oslo, Norway 1892

Childhood Memory 1892

Gamblers in Monte Carlo 1892

Gamblers in Monte Carlo 1892

At the Roulette Table in Monte Carlo 1892

Sick Mood at Sunset. Despair 1892

Cypress in Moonlight 1892

Kiss by the Window 1892

The Kiss 1892

The Girl by the Window 1892

Woman Combing her Hair 1892

Woman Looking in the Mirror 1892

After the Bath 1892

From the Riviera 1892

From the Riviera 1892

Moonlight by the Mediterranean 1892

A Pine 1892

Trees by the Mediterranean 1892


From the Riviera 1892

Men Flocking round Women in Light Clothing 1892

Forest 1892

Moonlight on the Beach 1892

Mystery on the Shore 1892

Mystery on the Shore 1892

Two Human Beings. The Lonely Ones 1892

Melancholy 1892

Night in Saint-Cloud 1892

Night in Saint-Cloud 1892-93


Night in Saint-Cloud 1892

Vision 1892

The Water Lillies 1892-93

Evening on Karl Johan 1892

From Nordstrand 1892

On the Veranda 1892

Inger by the Window 1892

Inger in Black and Violet 1892

Seated Young Woman 1892

Autumn Rain 1892

Jakob Bratland 1892

Ludvig Meyer 1892

Thor Lütken 1892

Ragnhild andDagny Juel 1892-93

August Strindberg 1892

Night in Saint-Cloud 1893

The Girl by the Window 1893

Study of a Model 1893

Separation 1893

Woman with Red Hat 1893-94

Symbolic Study 1893-94

Portrait of a Man 1893-94

Woman's head against a red Background 1893-94

Self-Portrait under the Mask of a Woman 1893

Seated Nude and Grotesque Masque 1893

Sunrise in the Harbour 1893-94


Rosa and Amelie 1893

Sunrise in Åsgårdstrand 1893-94

Summer Night 1893

Melancholy 1893

Death at the Helm 1893

Summer Night. Mermaid 1893

Summer Night's Dream. The Voice 1893

Starry Night 1893


Starry Night 1893

Moonlight 1893

House in Moonlight 1893-95

The Storm 1893

Death and Spring 1893

The Angel of Death 1893

By the Deathbed. Fever 1893

Death in the Sickroom 1893

Death in the Sickroom 1893

Death in the Sickroom 1893

Vampire 1893

The Scream 1893

The Scream 1893

Vampire 1893

Vampire 1893

The Hands 1893-94

Dagny Juel Przybyszewska 1893

Helge Bäckström 1893

Minchen Torkildsen 1893

Ragnhild Bäkström 1894

Botho Graf Schwerin 1894

Ebehard von Bodenhausen 1894

Julius Meier-Graefe 1894

Separation 1894

Death and Life 1894

Puberty 1894

Puberty 1894-95

The Day After 1894

Vampire 1894

Selma Fontheim 1894

Selma Fontheim 1894

Nora Mengelberg 1894

Ludvig Meyer's Children 1894

Stanislaw Przybyszewski 1894

Inger in a Red Dress 1894

Bathing Women 1894

Bathers 1894

Bathing Boys 1894

Melancholy 1894

Melancholy 1894-96

Woman. Sphinx 1894

Woman 1894

Anxiety 1894

Despair 1894

Madonna 1894

Madonna 1894-95

Madonna 1895

Madonna 1895-97

Madonna 1895-97

Berlin Model 1895

Cabaret 1895

The Scream 1895

Vampire 1895

The Smell of Death 1895

The Smell of Death 1895

At the Deathbed 1895

Vampire 1895

Ashes 1895

Jealousy 1895

Beach in Åsgårdstrand 1895

Moonlight 1895

Self-Portrait with Cigarette 1895

Stanislaw Przybyszewski 1895

Oscar and Ingeborg Heiberg 1895-96

Half-Nude in a Black Skirt 1896

Study of a Nude 1896

Young Woman Washing herself 1896

Seated Nude against a Red Background 1896

Seated Nude with her Back Turned 1896

The Mermaid 1896

Summer Landscape 1896

The Sick Child 1896

Separation 1896

Summer Night. The Voice 1896

The Girl by the Window 1896-97

Bathing Woman 1896-97

The Kiss 1896-97

Women in a Swimming Pool 1896-97

Paul Herrmann and Paul Contard 1897

The Kiss 1897

The Kiss 1897

Inheritance 1897-99

Women in Hospital 1897

Mother and Daughter 1897-99

Two Women in a Landscape 1897-99

Old Man with a Beard 1897-99

Brothel Scene 1897-99

Hospital Ward 1897-99

Bathing Boys 1897-98

Bathing Boys 1897-99

Bathing Girls 1897-99

Bathing Children 1897-99

Bathing Boys 1897-99

Autumn 1897-98

Marie Helene Holmboe 1898


Female Portrait 1898-99

Dark-Haired Man and Red-Haired Woman 1898-99

Holger Drachmann 1898

Henrik Ibsenat theGrand Café 1898

Study of a Model 1898

Half-Nude in a Blue Skirt 1898

Nude 1898

Nude 1898

Two Women. Symbolic Study 1898

Sitting Nude by the Beach 1898

Man and Woman 1898

Nude in Profile towards the Right 1898

Metabolism 1898-99

Tulla Larsen 1898-99

Tulla Larsen 1898-99

Father and Son 1898

Seated Nude and Three Male Heads 1898-99

Tragedy 1898

Jealousy in the Bath 1898

Beach 1898

The Rainbow 1898

Woman by the Sea in Åsgardstrand 1898

House with Red Virginia Creeper 1898-99

House with Red Virginia Creeper 1898-99

Red Virginia Creeper 1898-1900

The Son 1904

The Coffin is Carried Out 1898-1900

Boulevard in Paris 1898-1900

Winter 1899-1900

Winter in the Woods, Nordstrand 1899

Death and the Child 1899

Death and the Child 1899

Landscape 1899

The Garden 1899

Munch's House and Studio in Åsgardstrand 1899

Munch's House in Åsgårdstrand 1899

Dark Spruce Forest 1899


风格特点

爱德华·蒙克多以生命、死亡、恋爱、恐怖和寂寞等为题材,用对比强烈的 线条、色块、简洁概括夸张的造型,抒发自己的感受和情绪;他的画风是德国和中欧的表现主义形成的前奏。

爱德华·蒙克的早期油画《病孩》、《在灵床旁》、《母亲之死》,多是童年和少年时代生活的回忆。1890年的油画《圣克卢之夜》和1892年的油画《卡尔.约翰街的夜晚》标志着他风格的转折,显示出他表现主义画家的特质。90年代最有代表性的作品是《春情》和《呐喊》,前者描绘人对幽闭的恐惧,后者刻画人对孤独与死亡的恐怖感。他于1894年开始从事版画创作,在木刻、石版、铜版画方面,都有独特的创造。他的版画题材多取自于油画,其中以《生命》组画最为出色,被他自己称为生命、爱和死的诗歌。

在爱德华·蒙克的画家生涯中,他多次曾改变艺术风格。在1880年代,爱德华·蒙克是自然派半印象派。1892年,爱德华·蒙克树立了具个人特色的综合派原始画风,在此色彩成为一种象征,亦是种具有承载功能的元素。1890年代,爱德华·蒙克倾向选择景深较浅的作画空间,他经常把画中的人物安置在前台。

爱德华·蒙克一直想表现人物的内心的心理状态,出现在他画中的人物呈现了最能表现这种状态的姿势,这种安排让爱德华·蒙克的画带来一种好像人物、空气、记忆、动作和时间在一霎刹那间凝固的感觉,那也许正是人物内心活动达到顶峰的一瞬间。

爱德华·蒙克所画的人物,犹如舞台剧的各个角色,很可能每种特定的姿势就代表一种特定情绪,类似于某种身体语言。由于爱德华·蒙克所画的人物都承担着表现一种特定心理状态的使命,所以他创造的男人和女人不是现实的。爱德华·蒙克坚称,印象派并不适合于自己的艺术。他对描写现实的任意一个断面也不感兴趣,他要描写的是那种充满了情绪内涵的,且具有巨大的传神力的状态。为了达到这个目的,爱德华·蒙克殚精竭虑地构思,他的作品创造了紧张气氛。[4]

人物评价

原图链接 图来自《桥上的少女》

爱德华·蒙克的作品笔触大胆奔放、色彩艳丽丰富,但却给人强烈的刺激感,充满着紧张不安、压郁悲伤的情绪。爱德华·蒙克所描绘的世界是人类复杂的精神世界,他刻意表现死亡、忧郁和孤独,描写上世纪末的艺术家在充满矛盾与痛苦的现实中,其孤独的心灵对人生产生的怀疑和焦虑。

艺术史家称爱德华·蒙克为"世纪末"的艺术家,因为他的作品反映了欧洲整整一代人的精神生活面貌。在爱德华·蒙克生活的时代,再没有别的艺术能够像他那样深入到人的灵魂之中,把那心灵的美与丑一并展现给世人。也没有人敢于他那样赤裸裸地描写人类本能的丑恶,使善良与罪恶并存,让美丽与丑陋共生。[5]

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